6 Steps To Planning A Successful Building Project

6 Steps To Planning A Successful Building Project

There’s a strong temptation to dive straight into home remodeling projects. The sooner you start, the sooner you’ll be done, right? Unfortunately, it doesn’t work that way if you haven’t done some essential planning up front. Each design professional and contractor runs his or her business in a different way, but homeowners usually need to follow the same steps to get to the construction phase.

Here are six crucial steps to help you plan for a successful home renovation, and the reasons they're so important for any project.

1. Choose a design professional. To create a plan and detailed scope of work, most homeowners hire either an architect or interior designer, and sometimes both. Every company does things a little differently, and design licensing varies in each state. Many designers work on projects that don’t involve major structural work or additions, and also offer assistance with material and color selections. Architects may take on a wide range of work, or work only on floor plans and permits, and leave the details of the electrical plan, baths and kitchen to another designer.

Selecting a design professional usually starts with an in-person meeting, which can take a few weeks depending on how many companies you are interviewing. This is your opportunity to understand the services that each firm offers and make sure they match up with what you are expecting. It’s also critical that you have a budget for your project in mind that you communicate clearly to the firm you hire, so the design can align with what you are planning to invest.

Find an architect or designer near you

2. Create a plan. After choosing a design firm, it's time to start making a plan. There are usually at least two and sometimes three good ways to reach your design goals.

The plans are called schematic designs; they usually involve a rough layout of the floor plan and some simple views of the exterior of the home if there is an addition. It takes time for the design professional to work these out, and then usually another week or two for the homeowners to consider them and make decisions. If the project is larger or the homeowners want additional changes made to the schematics, this initial design phase can take several months.

6 Drawings on the Way to a Dream House

3. Interview contractors. Contractors are frequently brought into the process once a final schematic design has been selected. Usually there is at least a general idea of how the home will look from the outside, a dimensioned floor plan and some preliminary material selections. With this much information, it’s possible to provide preliminary estimates of cost.

Contractors are often asked to estimate the schematic design as part of the interview process. It may take a couple of weeks to set up the interviews and generally at least two to three weeks after interviews to receive the estimates. Altogether it could take four to six weeks to interview candidates and receive estimates. After that you may want to call references, visit jobsites or do additional research before making a decision about the contractor you will hire.

4. Go shopping while others are engineering. Love to shop or hate to shop? This may determine whether you enlist a designer to help with your material selections. Even those who like to shop may be overwhelmed by all the options and want professional input. Do not underestimate the number of things that need to be selected, from doorknobs and windows to countertops and light fixtures. To really keep a handle on your project cost, it’s best to select every last thing ahead of construction. This will allow your contractor to tell you the prices for what you’d like and properly schedule material purchases based on lead times.

Allow yourself one to two months to choose everything. While you are shopping for tile and hardwood floors, your architect or designer will finalize construction drawings, work with a structural engineer on how the project will be built and put in the details required for permitting. If it all goes well, you will work on this step and the previous one concurrently and finish at the same time.

Contractor Tips: How to Shop for Your Remodel

5. Get your permits. Depending on the scope of your project and where it’s located, permitting can take a day, months or even years. You should have some idea ahead of filing for permits about the length of the process, which will allow you to identify a likely start date for your project. Permit fees can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars, depending on where you live and how big your project is.

6. Ready, set ... With the plan submitted for permits and material selections made, your contractor will be able to finish up pricing and write up a contract for construction. If the selected materials cost more than the budget allows, there may be a round of “value engineering,” which means changing scope of work or materials to reduce cost. By the time the contract is signed, your contractor will have identified the longer-lead items (like cabinets, windows, doors, tile and sometimes plumbing or electrical fixtures) and may even have them on order ahead of the start of construction, depending on the timing of your project.

What to Look for in a Contractor's Contract

By the time all of these steps are complete, it may be four to six months or even more since you started talking with design professionals.

The planning process can be lengthy, but each step you take will put you closer to starting your project with a clear vision of what’s to come. That investment of time on the front end means your entire construction team — design professional, contractor and you — can start the project on the same page with a clearly articulated plan. That makes it much easier say, “Go!” without any hesitation.

About The Author:-

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*
Member of American Concrete Institute
Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

NOVEL COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS

Supervisor: Dr Iman Hajirasouliha

Increasing world population and natural resource limitations has led to a growing demand for more efficient structural systems to achieve a sustainable economy and society. Cold-formed steel (CFS) 

structural systems are increasingly adopted as primary or secondary structural members in modern building construction because of their light weight, speed of construction, recyclability, and sustainability. However, the inherently low buckling resistance of thin sections results in relatively low strength and ductility in CFS elements, which limits their performance in tall buildings and under extreme loading events.

The main aim of this research is to enhance strength and ductility of CFS structural systems (elements 

and connections) to increase their resistance and overall safety under extreme loading events, through the development of special connections and high-performance dual wall-frame systems. This will lead to more cost-effective and resilient structural systems for multi-storey buildings especially in seismic regions. The work will involve analysis, design and computer modelling.

UNDERSTANDING RATE EFFECTS IN GEOMATERIALS

Supervisor: Dr Sam Clarke

Joint Supervisor: Dr Mihail Petkovski

Concrete is often used as a material of choice when designing civilian systems to withstand the effect of explosions or high velocity projectiles, such as might be generated by the detonation of a terrorist vehicle bomb. For military defence purposes, especially in impromptu defensive structures, other geomaterials such as sand may be used, the classic example being the sand-bag wall. Both these types of geomaterials share the common property that the way they respond to loading is dependent on the lateral confining pressure applied to the material. Put simply, the higher the lateral confining pressure, the greater the strength of the material. Under extremely high magnitude, very rapid loading, the lateral inertia of the material may apply some degree of confinement, and correctly quantifying this can be crucial in allowing designers to properly determine the resistance of a protective system. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the materials behaviour may be different at static and rapid dynamic rates of loading.

There is thus a pressing requirement on materials researchers to identify how geomaterials respond under differing lateral confinement conditions, and hence, develop material models which can be used by computational modellers to predict response to intense transient loading. The Civil & Structural Engineering Department at UoS has an excellent combination of expertise and facilities for the study of this problem, including the world-leading Mac2t triaxial material testing rig, which can apply highly controlled multi-axial stress conditions to geomaterials at quasi-static loading rates, the Buxton blast & impact laboratory which can conduct high-rate confined tests, and strong geotechnical and concrete materials research groups.

The purpose of this project will be to conduct experimental work to identify:

*The triaxial behaviour of different geomaterials at a range of loading rates and

*The parameters which affect the geomaterials sensitivity to loading rate

The outcome of this work will be well validated material models which can be used in computational analysis models to predict the response of protection systems to intense transient loading.

வீடு கட்டுவதற்குறிய மனையடி சாஸ்திரப் பலன்!

வீடு கட்டுவதற்குறிய மனையடி சாஸ்திரப் பலன்!

மனையடி சாஸ்திரப் பிரகாரம் வீடு கட்டுவதற்கும் வீட்டிற்குள் அறைகள் கட்டுவதற்கும் அவ்வீட்டின் எஜமானனால் காலடி அளந்ததன் பேரில் அடியைக் கண்டு அறிந்துள்ள அகலத்திற்கும் நீளத்திற்கும் பலன்கள் அறியவும். 6- அடி நன்மை, 7- அடி தரித்திரம், 8- அடி நல்ல பாக்கியம் தரும், 9- அடி கெடுதல் தரும், 10- அடி ஆடுமாடு சுபிட்சம், 11- அடி பால்பாக்கியம், 12- அடி விரோதம், செல்வம் குறையும், 13- அடி ஆரோக்கியம் குறைவு, 14- அடி சஞ்சலம், மனக்கவலை நஷ்டம், 15- அடி காரியபங்கம், பாக்கியம் சேராது, 16- அடி மிகுந்த செல்வமுண்டு, 17- அடி அரசனைப்போல் பாக்கியம் சேரும். 18- அடி அமர்ந்த மனை பாழாம், 19- அடி மனைவி, புத்திரர், கவலைதரும், 20- அடி ராஜயோகம், 21- அடி பசுக்களுடன் பால் பாக்கியம் தரும், 22- அடி எதிரி அஞ்சுவான். மகிழ்ச்சி 23- அடி வியாதிகளுடன் கலங்கி நிற்பான், 24- அடி வயது குன்றும், மத்திம பலன், 25- அடி தெய்வ கடாக்ஷமில்லை, 26- அடி இந்திரனைப் போல் வாழ்வார், 27- அடி மிக்க செல்வ சம்பத்துடன் வாழ்வார், 28- அடி செல்வம் சேரும், 29- அடி பால்பாக்கியம், செல்வம் தரும், 30- அடி லக்ஷ்மி கடாக்ஷம் பெற்று வாழ்வார், 31- அடி சிவ கடாக்ஷத்துடன் நன்மை பெருகும், 32- அடி முகுந்தனருள் பெற்று வையகம் வாழ்வார், 33- அடி நன்மை, 34- அடி விட்டோட்டும், 35- அடி தெய்வகடாக்ஷமுண்டு, 36- அடி அரசரோடு அரசாள்வார், 37- அடி இன்பமும் லாபமும் தரும், 38- அடி பேய் பிசாசு குடியிருக்கும், 39- அடி இன்பம் சுகம் தரும், 40- அடி என்றும் சலிப்புண்டாகும், 41- அடி இன்பமும் செல்வமும் ஓங்கும், 42- அடி லக்ஷ்மி குடியிருப்பாள், 43- அடி சிறப்பில்லை, தீங்கு ஏற்படும், 44- அடி கண் போகும், 45- அடி துர்புத்திரர் உண்டு, 46- அடி வீடு ஓட்டும், 47- அடி எந்நாளும் வறுமை தரும், 48- அடி வீடு தீப்படும், 49- அடி மூதேவி வாசம், 50- அடி பால்பாக்கியம் ஏற்படும், 51- அடி வியாஜ்யம், 52- அடி தான்யமுண்டு, 53- அடி வீண்செலவு, 54- அடி லாபம் தரும், 55- அடி உறவினர் விரோதம், 56- அடி புத்திரர் உற்பத்தி, 57- அடி புத்திர அற்பம், 58- அடி விரோதம், 59- அடி சுபதரிசனம், 60- அடி பொருள் விருத்தி உண்டு, 61- அடி விரோதமுண்டு 62- அடி வறுமை தரும், 63- அடி இருப்பு குலையும், 64- அடி நல்ல சம்பத்து தரும், 65- அடி பெண் நாசம், 66- அடி புத்திரபாக்கியம், 67- அடி பயம், 68- அடி திரவிய லாபம், 69- அடி அக்னி உபாதை, 70- அடி அன்னியருக்கு பலன் தரும், 71- அடி இராசியுப்பிரியம், 72- அடி வெகுபாக்கியம், 73- அடி குதிரை கட்டி வாழ்வான், 74- அடி பிரபல விருத்தி, 75- அடி சுகம், 76- அடி புத்திர அற்பம், 77- அடி யானை கட்டி வாழ்வான், 78- அடி புத்திர அற்பம், 79- அடி கன்று காலி விருத்தி, 80- அடி லக்ஷ்மிவாசம், 81- அடி இடி விழும், 82- அடி தோஷம் செய்யும், 83- அடி மரண பயம், 84- அடி சௌக்கிய பலன், 85- அடி சீமானாவான் 86- அடி இம்சை உண்டு, 87- அடி தண்டிகை உண்டு, 88- அடி சௌக்கியம், 89- அடி பலவீடுகள் கட்டுவான், 90- அடி யோகம், பாக்கியம் தரும், 91- அடி வித்துவாம்சமுண்டு, 92- அடி ஐஸ்வரியம், 93- அடி தேசாந்திரம் வாழ்வான், 94- அடி அன்னிய தேசம் போவான், 95- அடி தனவந்தன், 96- அடி பிறதேசம் செல்வான், 97- அடி கப்பல் வியாபாரம், விலை மதிப்புள்ள வியாபாரம் போவான், 98- அடி பிறதேசங்கள் போவான், 99- அடி இராஜ்ஜியம் ஆள்வான், 100- அடி ÷க்ஷமத்துடன் சுகத்துடன் வாழ்வான்.

About The Author:-

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*
Member of American Concrete Institute
Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

Eco-friendly concrete protects old buildings from earthquakes It behaves like steel and can flex dramatically.

Eco-friendly concrete protects old buildings from earthquakes

It behaves like steel and can flex dramatically.

UBC Civil Engineering Department

Concrete has become the high-rise building material of choice because it's relatively cheap, easy to work with, long-lasting, and highly resistant to fire or explosions, unlike steel. It does have one inherent flaw, though: It's not great under tensile loads, so it requires heavy steel reinforcement to resist earthquakes. However, researchers from the University of British Columbia (UBC) have developed a new type of concrete with steel-like properties that can resist powerful quakes and is eco-friendly, to boot.

The material, called EDCC, replaces much of the the cement with an industrial byproduct called fly ash. "The cement industry produces close to seven percent of global greenhouse gas emissions," says UBC Professor Nemy Banthia. " By replacing nearly 70 percent of cement with fly ash, we can reduce the amount of cement used. This is quite an urgent requirement, as one tonne of cement production releases almost a tonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere."

It also uses polymer-based fibers and other industrial additives, which combined, give it a unique blend of strength and flexibility. The final product is similar to steel, being strong, malleable and much more ductile than regular concrete. Researchers sprayed concrete block walls with about 10mm (a half-inch) of EDCC, then subjected them to a simulated magnitude 9 earthquake, not unlike the one that struck Tohoku, Japan in 2011.

While the unreinforced wall collapsed dramatically at about 65 percent intensity (shown at about 0:50 in the video above), the reinforced wall withstood full intensity shaking, flexing impressively. "A 10 millimeter-thick layer of EDCC ... is sufficient to reinforce most interior walls against seismic shocks," said researcher Salman Soleimani-Dashtaki.

Far from being just an experiment, EDCC cement is a commercial-ready product that has been designated as an official retrofit option in British Columbia, Canada. In many cases, it could be a more cost-effective option than major structural renovations or steel bracing for earthquake protection. For one of the first projects, contractors will use it to upgrade an elementary school in earthquake-prone Vancouver. It'll also be used to retrofit a school in a seismically active area of northern India.

Thanks to 

Via: ArchDaily

Source: University of British Columbia

In this article: Concrete, design, Earthquakes, Eco-Friendly, Fiber Reinforced, gear, home,Structure, UBC, video

FACTORS to contemplate BEFORE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS

FACTORS to contemplate BEFORE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS

PLAN TWICE, BUILD ONCE

Proper coming up with will Carry a Project to Success 

Carrying out a construction project isn't one thing to be taken gently. the foremost basic and easy things will build a serious distinction in deciding the sort of results you get from the project. For this reason, it's essential for you to require time and arrange rigorously so as to urge the specified results. As such, the subsequent square measure a number of the items you wish to contemplate before you start.

Identify the sort of Construction Project

Different comes have completely different procedures that require to be followed. it's exactly for this reason that you just have to be compelled to clearly highlight the sort of project you're managing so as for you to see different essential needs. distinctive the project is additionally necessary, because it makes it straightforward for you to spot the permits required in accordance to the state you're in. As such, it's necessary to make sure you are doing not overlook this once coming up with your construction project.

Choose the proper Materials

You have to form a solid call on the sort of materials to use for your project. it's suggested that you just prefer to work with top quality materials notwithstanding the dimensions of project. this is often necessary for the straightforward reason that it ensures you don’t got to handle repairs and different connected prices within the close to future.

Decide whether or not or Not you wish a Contractor

A majority of individuals handling construction comes prefer to work with contractors and for obvious reasons. For starters, contractors perceive all the necessities that require to be followed so as to finish the project and their experience tends to make sure quicker work. what is additional, they will provide solid recommendation on a way to move the whole project. As such, use caution to form AN hip call on whether or not a contractor could be a sensible selection for you or not. However, before you rent a contractor, it's essential for you to make sure that they're respectable and that they have what it takes to finish the project to a T.

Budget

Whether you're managing alittle or massive project, it's essential for you to own a solid budget in situ. this implies conniving the price of materials, the number to be paid to contractors and any further prices that may be incurred. it's essential to notice that whereas operating with a contractor, it's significantly easier for you to return up with a solid budget that matches up to the wants of project owing to the expertise they need in creating estimates.

Set a Timeline

For the aim of making certain that the project is completed in time, it's essential for you to administer yourself a timeline. this can yield you to come to a decision on however long it'll fancy complete the project and reduces the potential for sudden delays. By knowing once the project will be completed, you facilitate make sure that you keep at intervals budget and conjointly set limits for the contractors.
With correct coming up with, you're way more doubtless to start out a construction project and have it with success completed in time.

About The Author:-

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*
Member of American Concrete Institute
Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

Energy-Based Penetration Model for Local Impact- Damaged Concrete Members

Title: Energy-Based Penetration Model for Local Impact- Damaged Concrete Members

Author(s): Hyeon-Jong Hwang, Sanghee Kim, and Thomas H.-K. Kang

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 1189-1200

Keywords: impact load; kinetic energy; penetration; perforation; residual velocity

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
Numerous empirical equations have been developed that predict the local damage of a concrete target subjected to an impact load. This is in part due to the fact that the local failure mechanism of concrete on collision is complicated. In this present study, an energy-based model is analytically proposed to better estimate the penetration depth and residual velocity of a projectile. The resistant energy of the concrete target and kinetic energy of the projectile are considered for spalling, tunneling, and scabbing failure modes. The predicted penetration depth and residual velocity are then compared to those from 414 existing test specimens. Based on the comparison, the proposed model predicts a variety of test results with reasonable precision. Further, to prevent the perforation failure of a concrete target, a safety factor is proposed that can be applied to the developed model.

Shear Performance of Pretensioned Concrete I-Girders Employing 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) Strands

Title: Shear Performance of Pretensioned Concrete I-Girders Employing 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) Strands

Author(s): A. Katz, H. Yousefpour, H. Kim, R. Alirezaei Abyaneh, J. Salazar, T. Hrynyk, and O. Bayrak

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 1273-1284

Keywords: 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) strands; anchorage-induced shear failure; development length; horizontal shear failure; pretensioned; transfer length

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
An experimental program was conducted to study the effects of using 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) diameter prestressing strands on the performance of pretensioned concrete I-girders under shearcritical loading. Four full-scale Texas bulb-T girders (Tx-girders) with different concrete release strengths, member depths, shear span-depth ratios, and strand patterns were tested. The mild-steel reinforcement in the specimens was detailed according to the common practice in Texas for girders fabricated using conventional, smaller-diameter strands. All specimens exhibited considerable strand slip prior to failure. In three of the specimens, shear failure also resulted in prominent horizontal cracking at the interface between the web and the bottom flange. However, distributed yielding of the stirrups was confirmed in all specimens, indicating shear-tension failure. The capacities of all specimens were conservatively estimated using the general procedure in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the detailed method in ACI 318-14 provisions.

Tests of Continuous Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Bars

Title: Tests of Continuous Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Bars

Author(s): Ilker Fatih Kara, Mehmet Alpaslan Köroglu, and Ashraf F. Ashour

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 1201-1213

Keywords: basalt fiber-reinforced polymer; continuous slab; cracking; flexural failure; reinforced concrete; shear failure

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
This paper presents experimental results of three continuously supported concrete slabs reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. Three different BFRP reinforcement combinations of over and under reinforcement ratios were applied at the top and bottom layers of continuous concrete slabs tested. One additional concrete continuous slab reinforced with steel bars and two simply supported slabs reinforced with under and over BFRP reinforcements were also tested for comparison purposes. All slab sections tested had the same width and depth but different amounts of BFRP reinforcement. The experimental results were used to validate the existing design guidance for the predictions of moment and shear capacities, and deflections of continuous concrete elements reinforced with BFRP bars. The continuously supported BFRP reinforced concrete slabs illustrated wider cracks and larger deflections than the control steel-reinforced concrete slab. All continuous BFRP reinforced concrete slabs exhibited a combined shear-flexure failure mode. ACI 440.1R-15 equations give reasonable predictions for the deflections of continuous slabs (after first cracking) but stiffer behavior for the simply supported slabs, whereas CNR DT203 reasonably predicted the deflections of all BFRP slabs tested. On the other hand, ISIS-M03-07 provided the most accurate shear capacity prediction for continuously supported BFRP reinforced concrete slabs among the current shear design equations.

Effect of Steel Fibers on Minimum Shear Reinforcement of High-Strength Concrete Beams

Title: Effect of Steel Fibers on Minimum Shear Reinforcement of High-Strength Concrete Beams

Author(s): Chul-Goo Kim, Hyerin Lee, Hong-Gun Park, Geon-Ho Hong, and Su-Min Kang

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 1109-1119

Keywords: high-strength concrete; minimum shear reinforcement; reinforced concrete; shear strength; steel fiber; stirrup

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
Minimum shear reinforcement is required for reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members to prevent brittle shear failure considering uncertainty of concrete shear strength in current design codes. In ACI 318-14, the use of steel fibers for minimum shear reinforcement is permitted within limited ranges of design parameters such as a concrete compressive strength lower than 40 MPa (5.8 ksi), beam depth smaller than 600 mm (24 in.); and fiber volume ratio over 0.75%. In this study, the effect of steel fibers on the shear strength was studied for high-strength concrete beams (60 MPa [8.7 ksi]). The main test parameters were the concrete strength, use of steel fibers, and use of stirrups. The test results showed that steel fibers with a volume fraction of 0.75% significantly increased the shear strength of high-strength concrete beams. This is mainly because the high-strength concrete increased the contribution of the steel fibers by increasing the tension zone depth. Such effect of steel fibers was confirmed by results from previous studies. The test results also showed that the limitation of concrete strength can be increased from 40 to 60 MPa (5.8 to 8.7 ksi).

Structural Responses of External Post-Tensioned Tendons to Increasing Localized Damage

Title: Structural Responses of External Post-Tensioned Tendons to Increasing Localized Damage

Author(s): Jun Ki Lee

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 1155-1166

Keywords: bridges; corrosion; damage; post-tensioning; stress redistribution; tendon

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the structural effect of moderate to severe levels of localized damage in external post-tensioned tendons. Eight large-scale specimens with multiple seven-wire strands were fabricated, and the wires in the strands were consecutively fractured until a severe level of damage was identified using three controlled methods: accelerated galvanic corrosion, fatigue loading, and direct exposure to an acid solution. During this process, the structural effects induced by the applied damage were monitored based on visual inspection, acoustic sensors, transverse displacement, and vibration signals, depending on the experimental conditions. Experimental results showed that the behaviors of the damaged specimens were continuously governed by the residual tensile force, which was appreciably redistributed after wire fracture(s) in the strands, especially when the level of damage was moderate. As a result, the rate of decrement in the structural response became larger as the level of damage increased; however, they were not as sensitively influenced relative to the level of applied damage.

Effect of Temperature on Chloride Diffusion in Saturated Concrete

Title: Effect of Temperature on Chloride Diffusion in Saturated Concrete

Author(s): B. Touil, F. Ghomari, A. Bezzar, A. Khelidj, and S. Bonnet

Publication: Materials Journal

Volume: 114

Issue: 05

Appears on pages(s): 713-721

Keywords: activation energy; coefficient of migration of chlorides; pozzolan; temperature

Date: 9/1/2017

Abstract:
The degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to marine environments is largely due to the transfer of chloride ions through the material. The prediction of the penetration of these ions in the concrete by the diffusion coefficient is a fundamental indicator for the characterization of its durability. Tests simulating chloride diffusion in saturated areas are developed at a constant temperature; however, in reality, the temperature fluctuates with the seasons and diurnal variations. To simulate the coupled temperature diffusion of chloride in RC structures in permanent contact with the Mediterranean Sea, an experimental program was developed in the laboratory to assess the migration coefficients of a pozzolanic concrete (CPZ10) and compared to ordinary concrete (OC). The tests of migration are made under an electric field, at different temperatures, from 5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F). Also, a study of the activation energy was made and compared with the Arrhenius theory. The test results showed that the migration coefficient of concrete increases with increasing temperature. The activation energy values of natural pozzolan incorporated concretes were lower than OC.