Monday 22 August 2022

What are the top five altitudinous structures in the world according to the height of the structure?

 What are the top five altitudinous structures in the world according to the height of the structure? 

What are the top five altitudinous structures in the world according to the height of the structure? 

structure design is one of the most important aspect according to the colorful design canons as per the considerations of the colorful law vittles. In this composition you can suitable to learn about top five structures each over the world according to the considerations of height and number of bottoms which are was till now in the world. These altitudinous structures also called as huntsmen structures which are having further than 100 bottoms and all the structures having lesser than 500 measures height. These structures are designed according to the country vittles. 

 

 Top five altitudinous structures in the world as per the height 

The below specified structures are considered as top five structure structure 

 

 1. Burj khalifa erecting 

 Burj khalifa is the first altitudinous structure which is located in Dubai megacity in UAE country. The burj khalifa is conforming of 163 number of the bottoms from the ground face. The height of the structure is roughly 823 measures which is roughly equal to 2713 feets. The construction of burj khalifa structure was started at 2004 time and the it was finished at 2010. It was taken roughly 6 times for the construction process. The cost is roughly spent 1.5 Billion Bones for the construction of the burj khalifa structure.

structures

 Burj khalifa

2. Shanghai palace structure 
 Shanghai palace is the alternate altitudinous structure which is located at shanghai megacity in demitasse country. The Shanghai palace is conforming of 126 number of the bottoms from the ground face. The height of the structure is roughly 632 measures which is roughly equal to 2073 feets. The construction of Shanghai palace structure was started at 2008 time and the it was finished at 2015. It was taken roughly 7 times for the construction process. The cost is roughly spent1.5 Billion demitasse currency for the construction of the Shanghai palace structure.
top 5 tall
              Shanghai tower

3. Makkah Royal timepiece palace structure 
Makkah Royal timepiece palace is the third altitudinous structure which is located at mecca megacity in saudi arabia. The Makkah Royal timepiece palace is conforming of 120 number of the bottoms from the ground face. The height of the structure is roughly 601meters which is roughly equal to 1972 feets. The construction of Makkah Royal timepiece palace structure was started at 2004 time and the it was finished at 2012. It was taken roughly 8 times for the construction process. The cost is roughly spent1.5 Billion US bones for the construction of the Makkah Royal timepiece palace structure.

top five tall
          Mkkah Royal clock tower

4. Ping An finance center structure 
Ping An finance center is the fourth altitudinous structure which is located at in Shenzhen, Guangdong megacity in demitasse. The Ping An finance center is conforming of 115 number of the bottoms from the ground face. The height of the structure is roughly599.1 measures which is roughly equal to 1935feets. The construction of Ping An finance center structure was started at 2010 time and the it was finished at 2017. It was taken roughly 7 times for the construction process. The cost is roughly spent1.5 Billion US bones for the construction of the Ping An finance center structure.
top buildings
      Ping An finance tower

5. Lotte world palace structure
Lotte world palace is the fifth altitudinous structure which is located at in Sincheon- dong megacity in south korea country. The Lotte world palace center is conforming of 123 number of the bottoms from the ground face. The height of the structure is roughly 553 measures which is roughly equal to 1821feets. The construction of Lotte world palace structure was started at 2011 time and the it was finished at 2017. It was taken roughly 6 times for the construction process. The cost is roughly spent3.4 Billion US bones for the construction of the Lotte world palace structure.

tall buildings
       Lotte world tower

The complete full details of top five buildings in the world are shown in the below table

S. NoDetailsBurj khalifaShanghai towerMkkah Royal clock towerPing An finance towerLotte world tower
1Number o floors163 floors126 floors120 floors115 floors123floors
2Height of the structure823 meters632 meters601 meters599.1 meters553 meters
3Started year20042008200420102011
4End year20102015201220172017
5Time taken for construction6 years7 years8 years7 years6 years
6Cost required1.5 Billion US dollars1.5 china dollars1.5 US dollars1.5 US dollars3.4 US dollars

Conclusions of top five tall buildings in the world according to the height

Height is one of the most important considerations in the tall building type. As per the article top five buildings are Burj khalifa which is having 823 meters and having 163 floors comes under the first one,  Shanghai tower which is having 632 meters and having 126 floors comes under the second one, Mkkah Royal clock tower which is having 601 meters and is having 120 floors comes under the third one, Ping An finance tower whih is having 599.1 meters and is having 115 floors comes under the fourth one and Lotte world tower which is having 553 meters and is having having 123 floor comes under the fifth one.

THANKS TO 
Shravan @ Civil Basics 123
Er. SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN., M.E.,(Strut/.,)
Structural Engineer


What are the various different types of composite columns used in the building design?

 

What are the various different types of composite columns used in the building design?




Contents [hide]

  • 1 What are the various different types of composite columns used in the building design?
    • 1.1 Different types of composite columns used
        • 1.1.0.1 Case 1: Square column with I shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.2 Case 2: Square column with L shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.3 Case 3: Square column with T shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.4 Case 4: Circular column with I shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.5 Case 5: Circular column with L shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.6 Case 6: Circular column with T shape steel member
        • 1.1.0.7   Case 7: Square column with double I shape steel members
        • 1.1.0.8 Case 8: Circular column with double I shape steel members
    • 1.2 Follow Our previous posts here
    • 1.3 Conclusions of different types of composite columns used in the building design

What are the various different types of composite columns used in the building design?

The meaning of composite is the making of any material with the consideration of one or two products or materials. The composite columns are made with the help of the two basic materials namely concrete material and steel materials. The main concepts of the composite column buildings are used to provide better strength for the structure. The composite members are also used in the designing of the earth quake resistant buildings.

For example let us consider we need to build a structure which is having 10 stories in the Zone V seismic condition as per the IS 1893:2016 code provisions. We know that if we build the building in Zone V without considering the safety precautions it will leads to get high deflection to the structure (10 stories building) sometimes it will leads in collapse of the building. To overcome this problem it is important to make the better reinforcement details in the column. The complete concepts of earth quake resistant design are discussed in my previous article read with below specified link.

The complete concepts of earth quake resistant design as per the standard consideration

The main objective of the composite column building is to give extra strength as per the lateral loading point of view at the same time it is also helps in earth quake resistant designing as per the consideration. In this article you will able to learn about some of the examples of composite columns we will use in the general structural constructions.

Different types of composite columns used

Case 1: Square column with I shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 1 with square shape having dimensions is 460mmX460mm. For this column section the steel member of I section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and I section are used in this case1 (square column with I Shape steel member) column design.

composite column
Square column with I section

Case 2: Square column with L shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 2 with square shape having dimensions is 300mmX300mm. For this column section the steel member of L section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and L section are used in this case 2 (square column with L Shape steel member) column design.

column
Square column with L section

Case 3: Square column with T shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 3 with square shape having dimensions is 400mmX400mm. For this column section the steel member of T section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and T section are used in this case 3 (square column with T Shape steel member) column design.

composite
Square column with T section

Case 4: Circular column with I shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 4 with circular shape having the diameter is 460mm. For this column section the steel member of I section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and I section are used in this case 4 (circular column with I Shape steel member) column design.

column
Circular column with I section

Case 5: Circular column with L shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 5 with circular shape having the diameter is 350mm. For this column section the steel member of L section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and L section are used in this case 5 (circular column with L Shape steel member) column design.

composite column
Circular column with L section

Case 6: Circular column with T shape steel member

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 6 with circular shape having the diameter is 300mm. For this column section the steel member of T section is provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and L section are used in this case 6 (circular column with T Shape steel member) column design.

circular column
Circular column with T Shape

  Case 7: Square column with double I shape steel members

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 7 with square shape having dimensions is 460mmX460mm. For this column section the steel members of two I sections are provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and I sections are used in this case7 (square column with double I Shape steel members) column design.

double composite
Square column with double I Section

Case 8: Circular column with double I shape steel members

The below specified figure shows the composite column of case 8 with circular shape having the diameter is 460mm. For this column section the steel member of two I sections are provided at the center having lesser dimensions when we compared with column dimensions. The combination of both main steel bars and I sections are used in this case 8 (circular column with double I Shape steel members) column design.

circular composite
Various composite Columns used in Building Design

Conclusions of different types of composite columns used in the building design

Well now the above explained concepts are related to the some important different composite columns used in the building design which are related to the square column with I shape steel member, square column with L shape steel member, square column with T shape steel member, circular column with I shape steel member, circular column with L shape steel member, circular column with T shape steel member, square column with double I shape steel members and Circular column with double I shape steel members. The composite columns are used to give extra strength to the building which are also used in the designing of earth quake resistant structures.


THANKS TO 

Shravan @ Civil Basics 123

Er. SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN., M.E.,(Strut/.,)
Structural Engineer



Saturday 13 August 2022

Lateral reinforcement for high-strength concrete columns

 

Lateral reinforcement for high-strength concrete columns


Abstract

The basic philosophy of the current ACI Code for confining concrete in earthquake design is that the increase of the strength of the core of the column due to confinement must offset the loss of strength due to spall ing of the unconfined cover. The equations given in the code are based on the assumption that when a reinforced concrete column is subjected to uniaxial load the maximum capacity of the confined core is reached when the unconfined cover starts spalling. It is not clear whether this assumption is applicable for high strength concrete. The strains at which the cover concrete and confined concrete ·will reach their maximum capacities will depend on their respective stress-strain curves. In this paper, based on several sets of experimental data, analytical expressions are proposed for the stress-strain curves of confined and unconfined high- strength cone rete. Using these analytical expressions, moment-curvature relationships are predicted. The predicted curves were compared with the experimental data of columns subjected to reversed lateral loading. Rased on the satisfactory comparison for normal strength concrete columns, the theoretical model is then applied to high strength concrete.

Keywords


  • Bighstrength concretes
  • Columns (supports)
  • Confined concrete
  • Cyclic loads
  • Deformation
  • Ductility
  • Earthquake resistant structures
  • Lateral pressure
  • Moment-curvature relationship
  • Strength
  • Stress-strain diagrams


Thanks to 

A. Fafitis, S. P. Shah

Original languageEnglish (US)
Title of host publicationHigh-Strength Concrete
PublisherAmerican Concrete Institute
Pages213-232
Number of pages20
ISBN (Electronic)9780870317163
StatePublished - Sep 1 1985

Publication series

NameAmerican Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication
VolumeSP-087
ISSN (Print)0193-2527
https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lateral-reinforcement-for-high-strength-concrete-columns


Er. SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN., M.E.,(Strut/.,)
Structural Engineer



Wednesday 3 August 2022

Dynamic Analysis of Machine Foundation

 Dynamic Analysis of Machine Foundation

ABSTRACT
 The analysis of Machine Foundation involves not only static loads but also the dynamic loads which are caused due to the working of the machine. Therefore, the machine foundation should survive these loads. Therefore, it becomes vital to reduce the natural frequency of soil beneath the foundation. One such treatment is to prepare a layered soil beneath the foundation by trenching the soil and placing different types of isolation materials. 

Key Words: Frame foundation, Sinusoidal load, Rubber, Rock basalt, Springs, etc 

Thanks to

D. Manohar, 

B.K. Raghu Prasad, 

Dr.K. Amarnath  

chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i8/IRJET-V4I899.pdf



Er. SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN., M.E.,(Strut/.,)
Structural Engineer