Top 8 Upcoming Developments and Trends in Civil Engineering 

Top 8 Upcoming Developments and Trends in Civil Engineering for 2018 and Beyond

Civil engineering is poised to undergo major transition in 2018; thanks to the advancement in technology which is the driving force behind the changes this industry will witness. Some of the latest technologies we cover in this write-up which were once dubbed sci-fi have already begun finding a way into the mainstream industry. Since the last decade, the focus remained on smart materials and energy-efficient buildings. But, in recent times, civil engineers are placing more emphasis on computer vision, BIM, virtual reality, sustainability, IoT, and 3D printing technologies that are parallelly gaining prominence. In this write-up, we provide a mash-up of latest developments in civil engineering that are becoming latest trends.

8 Latest Upcoming Trends in Civil Engineering

Here is a compilation of latest trends in civil engineering in 2018 that you should know -

1. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) Will Become Mainstream

   Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are the newest trends in civil engineering to watch out for in 2018. Although the technology itself isn't new, its applicability vis-a-vis civil and construction industry is gaining immense popularity. VR and AR are forms of immersive media to visualize the end results and are increasingly being used by both end users and the civil engineering project teams alike.
   Virtual Reality is empowering the civil engineering industry with a user experience that was once possible only in science fiction! Stakeholders and designers can benefit from the interactive and immersive experience in an isolated ambiance created using sophisticated VR headsets, cardboard viewers, etc. After all, who wouldn't appreciate the virtual experience of stepping into planned constructions even before the implementation?
   Augmented Reality on the other hand interweaves real-world and graphics to give field personnel and civil engineers useful information such as health and safety warnings, productivity statistics, design specifications, etc., making their job on field easy.
   This is just the beginning, and the applications of VR and AR technologies are expected to broaden way beyond expected in 2018 and the years ahead, making them the backbone of numerous civil and construction projects.

2. Building Information Modeling (BIM) Will Be Used in Large-scale Applications

   More civil engineering projects this year are likely to see large-scale utilization of the Cloud technology and Big Data. Also, latest in the list of innovation is the Building Information Modeling (BIM). Engineers can now create virtual models of their designs through intelligent 3D modeling process. This futuristic technology can speed up the time taken to turn building drawings into reality. Construction of bridges, electricity networks, and superstructures can gain momentum with workable virtual models of the designs. As BIM and 3D modeling provide engineers a chance to visualize completed designs at the onset, the design process is poised to be cost-efficient and more streamlined in the future.

3. Demand for Sustainable Designs Will Rise

   Sustainable design is the most significant civil engineering trends in 2018. It is a movement that enjoys much support from global organizations and even the government. The demand for smart materials, intelligent electrical grids, smart buildings with embedded sensors, and other revolutionary technologies is giving civil engineers the push to innovate sustainable designs that are forward-looking. One of the key areas of focus is zero-energy housing. Insulating homes with double skin facade and integrating PV panels that facilitate better utilization of captured energy.
   As space is a major concern with the explosive population growth, smart use of space in housing which can ease the congestion and pave way for sustainable urban development is also a key trend that will find wider acceptance this year and the years ahead.

4. Drones Will Remain a Mainstay

   Drone market has seen a sturdy growth in 2017. The trend is expected to continue even this year and sales of drones is likely to exceed $12 billion by 2021! Commercial use of drones has reached an important milestone with technological enhancements making drones more reliable than before. Drones are steadily making its presence felt in in civil engineering industry, greatly influencing the design, development, and surveying of civil engineering projects.
   Drones are instrumental in carrying out safety inspections along with progress reporting. Drones effortlessly access hazardous sections of the construction and collect data from large areas in a matter of minutes. This technology has allowed surveyors to get the job done without risking life and limb.
   In 2018 and beyond, drones are expected to become part of mainstream civil engineering. However, regulation of drone technology is hotly debated due to its fast-paced evolution and its affordability to the mass market.



5. Advanced Building Materials Will Shape the Civil Engineering Designs of the Future

   Advanced materials with shifting properties that adapt to external conditions are being introduced into the civil engineering industry. From cement composite, advanced steel, and self-healing concrete, to fiber-reinforced polymer composites, technology is transforming the materials being used in construction.
   In 2017, Pavegen, a UK-based technology company outfitted sidewalk in London with innovative technology that harvests kinetic energy from pedestrian movement and turns it into usable energy. This project highlights the need for smart materials to trap and utilize energy which is otherwise wasted. Similarly, 4D-printed structures that transform according to the shifting environmental conditions are the latest fad in civil engineering because they prolong the life of constructions. Buildings in major cities around the world are coated with photocatalytic titanium dioxide to combat pollutants in the air. In the long-term, it will mitigate human-induced environmental hazards. The civil engineering design of the future is all about advanced materials that are largely focused on reducing carbon footprints and harnessing the energy that our planet has to offer.

6. Internet of Things (IoT) Will be Leveraged to Engineer Smart Cities

   Internet of Things (IoT) is a megatrend which is quickly reshaping the way in which civil engineering projects are implemented. In a nutshell, IoT leverages sensors and network connectivity to allow communication between the interconnected sensors. The sheer volume of data being exchanged is collected and analyzed to enhance future decisions. IoT will play a leading role in monitoring the health of urban structures by pooling big data from the building management system. It will be capable of recording data such as variations in concrete humidity, vibrations, chloride content, and even abnormal deformations. The lengthy list of things IoT can achieve is gradually growing thanks to cheap wireless sensors. It is one of the latest upcoming trends that will give rise to smart cities and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants.

7. 3D Printing Is Expected to Have the Most Significant Impact in Civil Engineering

   The year 2017 witnessed a surge in the demand for 3D Printing across various domains. In 2018, this revolution has reached construction and civil engineering industry in a big way. 3D printing can turn engineering designs into scale models or even real components required for building construction. This technology, currently in the advanced stage is ready to take on more complex civil engineering challenges involving full-sized homes and bridges. Scientists are contemplating the use of 3D printing for assisting humanity's efforts to colonize Mars. Without doubt, this is one of the most exciting upcoming trends in civil engineering.

8. Robots May Take Up Mundane Civil Engineering Tasks

   Robots in the construction industry are taking over tasks that are hazardous to humans. It not only improves worker safety and productivity but also saves costs in the long run. Last year, civil engineering industry tasted success with many iterations of bricklaying robots that illustrated efficiency by building walls six times faster than human workers! However, the immediate challenge with Robotics is its initial cost, feasibility of mass application, and reliability. Said that, with continuous improvements in the Robotic technology, we can expect to see robots taking over the mundane tasks in construction and civil engineering in the future.
   

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Total Station Setup and Operation

Total Stations, a combination of an electronic theodolite and distance meter, are a precise tool for many geological surveying projects. The fundamental measurements made by a Total Station are slope distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle. All other values returned by the instrument, such as coordinates, are derived from these values. The precision of the instrument, which can give relative positions of points to millimeters, is only obtained by using appropriate surveying procedures. Surveyors have developed these procedures to minimize imperfections in the instrument, detect operator errors, and minimizing errors due to curvature and refraction. The most useful of these procedures is double centering. This is where readings are taken with the instrument in two different positions. This allows instrument and operator errors to be detected and corrected. Other procedures require that readings be taken between two points in each direction in order to eliminate refraction errors. In addition to using correct procedures, the user must also allow atmospheric conditions

link 

https://www.amazon.in/Station-Operation-Er-SPASWINPALANIAPPAN-Prof-G-PANNEERSELVAM-Prof-I-RASHEEDKHAN-ebook/dp/B07HM4XRYR/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538019522&sr=8-2&keywords=Total+Station+Setup+and+Operation

by Er.SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN, PROF.G.PANNEERSELVAM Prof.I.RASHEED KHAN

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LIST OF CODE BOOKS IN INDIA

The Civil Engineering Industry has a significant role in developing the nation to cater the need of globalizing market scenario. In every aspect of infrastructural development, the role and involvement of Civil Engineering experts are inevitable. The knowledge about the process and standards should be known to all. Even though the Engineer is competent enough to execute the projects well, the records of standards & core concepts should be well known to each one of them for immediate ready reference throughout, the course of execution of any project. With the aim of such thinking, the compilation of such standards is done perfectly in this book. It will be much helpful for anyone, involving in Civil Engineering work at any time reference of their professional knowledge. It is done nicely in the order of BIS Committees recommended standards document numbers and in several series which will facilitate the user to reference their area of interest at once.

https://www.amazon.in/CIVIL-ENGINEERING-DEPARTMENT-BOOKS-INDIA-ebook/dp/B07DZXWCRF/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1533620049&sr=8-1&keywords=civil+engineering+list+of+code+book+in+india

by Er.SP.ASWINPALANIAPPAN, PROF.G.PANNEERSELVAM Prof.I.RASHEED KHAN

PROPERTIES AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF BLENDED CEMENT SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

PROPERTIES AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF BLENDED CEMENT SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self-Compacting concrete is a concrete that is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight, completely fill the formwork even in the presence of dense reinforcement, whilst maintaining homogeneity and without the need for any additional compaction. Self-Compacting concrete is achieved by using high proportions of powder content and super? plasticizers. Due to this, pronounced thermal cracking is anticipated. Thermal cracking in concrete structures is of great concern. The objective of this research is to carry out experiments and investigate fresh and hardened properties of SCC developed using a blend of ordinary Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), to evaluate the applicability of Japan Concrete Institute (JCI) model? equations and? to find out any similarities and differences between Self-? Compacting concrete and normal vibrated concrete—Portland blast furnace slag concrete class B. Thermal stress analysis of the proposed Self-Compacting concrete and normal vibrated concretes were investigated by simulation using 3D FEM analysis. To carry out these objectives, concrete properties such as autogenous shrinkage, adiabatic temperature rise, drying shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and compressive strength were determined through experiments. From experimental results, it was observed that except for the fresh properties, the hardened properties of Self-Compacting exhibit similar characteristics to those of normal vibrated concrete at almost similar water to binder ratios. It was also established that Self-Compacting concrete at W/B of 32% with a 50% replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag has better thermal cracking resistance than SCC with 30% GGBFS replacement. It is also found that provided the relevant constants are derived from experimental data, JCI model equations can be applied successfully to evaluate hardened properties of Self-Compacting concrete.

About The Author:

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*

Member of American Concrete Institute

Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology

Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

Quarry Mud as Partial Replacement for Fine Combination (Sand) in Concrete

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104529, PP. 1-16

Sp. Aswinpalaniappan, G. Panneerselvam

Subject Areas: Civil Engineering

Keywords: Quarry Mud, Red Mud, Compressive Strength

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Concrete production has resulted inside the accumulated that has to be compelled to confirm substitute material to sand as inside the assembly of concretes. Quarry mud, a by-product from the crushing methodology throughout production activities is one in each of such materials. Granite fines or rock mud can be a by-product obtained throughout crushing of granite rocks to boot observed as quarry mud. In recent days, there have been additionally several trials to use ash, academic degree industrial by product as partial replacement for cement to possess higher workability, future strength and to make the concrete lots of economically accessible. This gift work could be a trial to use Quarry mud as partial replacement for sand in concrete. Trials are created to review the properties of concrete and to research some properties of Quarry mud, the standard of those properties to alter them to be used partial replacement materials for sand in concrete.

Cite this paper

Aswinpalaniappan, S. and Panneerselvam, G. (2018). Quarry Mud as Partial Replacement for Fine Combination (Sand) in Concrete. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4529. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104529.

References

[1]	Abou-Zeid, M.N. and Fakhry, M.M. (2003) Short-Term Impact of High Aggregate Fines Content on Concrete Incorporating Water-Reducing Admixtures. ACI Materials Journal, 100, 280-285.
[2]	Ahmed Ahmed, E. and Ahemed Kourd, A.E. (1989) Properties of Concrete Incorporating Natural and Crushed Stone Very Fine Sand. ACI Material Journal, 86, 417-424.
[3]	Ahn, N. (2000) An Experimental Study on the Guidelines for Using Higher Contents of Aggregate Microfines in Portland Cement Concrete. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
[4]	Ahn, N. and Fowler, D.W. (2001) An Experimental Study on the Guidelines for Using Higher Contents of Aggregate Microfines in Portland Cement Concrete. International Center for Aggregates Research, Research Report ICAR 102-1F, 435.
[5]	Ahn, N. and Fowler, D.W. (2002) The Effects of High Fines on the Properties of Concrete. ICAR 10th Annual Symposium: Aggregates Asphalt Concrete, Portland Cement Concrete, Bases and Fines, 14-17 April 2002, Baltimore, 15 p.

3-D printing improves cell adhesion and strength of PDMS polymer

Date:

January 22, 2018

Source:

Penn State

Summary:

Combining two different polymer forms can switch manufacturing of silicone parts from molding, casting and spin coating of simple forms to 3-D printing of complex geometries with better mechanical characteristics and better biological adhesion, according to a team of researchers.

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A nose created using 3-D printing of PDMS from National Institutes of Health 3-D Print Exchange.

Credit: Ibrahim Tarik Ozbolat Lab / Penn State

Combining two different polymer forms can switch manufacturing of silicone parts from molding, casting and spin coating of simple forms to 3-D printing of complex geometries with better mechanical characteristics and better biological adhesion, according to a team of Penn State researchers.

"So far, PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane, or silicone) has limitations in formability and manufacturing of devices," said Ibrahim T. Ozbolat, Hartz Family Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics and bioengineering. "Most research is done using casting or micro molding, but this fabrication yields materials with weak mechanical properties and also weak cell adhesion. Researchers often use extracellular proteins like fibronectin to make cells adhere."

PDMS is used to make lab-on-a-chip devices, organ-on-a-chip devices, two- and three-dimensional cell culture platforms, and biological machines. The material is more commonly seen as heat-resistant silicone spatulas and flexible baking pans, but these are geometrically simple and can easily be molded. If the material is used for growing tissue cultures or testing, the geometries become much smaller and more complex.

For any material to serve as "ink" in a 3-D printer, it must be able to go through the printing nozzle and maintain shape once it is deposited. The material cannot spread, seep or flatten or the integrity of the design is lost. Sylgard 184, an elastomer of PDMS, is not viscose enough to use in 3-D printing -- the material simply flows out of the nozzle and puddles. However, when it is mixed with SE 1700, another PDMS elastomer, in the proper ratio, the mixture is printable.

"We optimized the mixture for printability, to control extrusion and fidelity to the original pattern being printed," said Ozbolat.

The researchers optimize the mixture to take advantage of a materials property called "shear thinning." They report their results in this month's issue of ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.

While most materials become more viscose under pressure, some materials have the opposite, non-Newtonian response, becoming less viscose. This is perfect for 3-D printing because a fluid that is viscose enough to sit in the nozzle then becomes less viscose when the pressure of pushing out the "ink" occurs. As soon as the material leaves the nozzle, it regains its viscosity and the fine threads placed on the object retain their shape.

PDMS, when molded, has a smooth surface. The material is also hydrophobic, meaning it does not like water. Add those two properties together and the molded surface of PDMS is not an easy place for tissue cells to adhere. Researchers frequently use coatings to increase cell adherence. 3-D-printed surfaces, because they are made up of thousands of tiny strands of PDMS, have minute crevices that offer cells a place to stick.

To test the fidelity of 3-D printing with PDMS, the researchers obtained patterns for biological features -- hands, noses, blood vessels, ears, and femoral head, from the National Institutes of Health 3-D Print Exchange. Using these patterns they 3-D printed a nose. Organs like this can be printed without support materials and include hollow cavities and complex geometries.

"We coated the PDMS nose with water and imaged it in an MRI machine," said Ozbolat. "We compared the 3-D reconstructed nose image to the original pattern and found that we had pretty decent shape fidelity."

Because PDMS is forced through a nozzle for printing, the number of bubbles in the final material is far less than with molding or casting. Passing through a micrometer size needle removes most of the bubbles.

"When we compared the mechanical signatures of molded or cast PDMS with 3-D printed PDMS, we found the tensile strength in the printed material was much better," said Ozbolat.

Because the PDMS materials are being printed, they could be incorporated with other materials to make one-piece devices composed of multiple materials. They could also incorporate conductive materials to enable functionalized devices.

Other researchers on this project were Veli Ozbolat, postdoctoral fellow in engineering science and mechanics; Madhuri Dey, doctoral students in chemistry; Bugra Ayan, doctoral student in engineering science and mechanics; Adomas Povilianskas, bachelor's/master's student in engineering science and mechanics; and Melik C. Demirel, professor of engineering science and mechanics.

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and the Turkish Ministry of National Education supported this work.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by Penn State. Original written by A'ndrea Elyse Messer. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Veli Ozbolat, Madhuri Dey, Bugra Ayan, Adomas Povilianskas, Melik C. Demirel, Ibrahim T. Ozbolat. 3D Printing of PDMS Improves Its Mechanical and Cell Adhesion Properties. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2018; DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00646

Non-Destructive Imaging of Water Permeation through Cementitious Materials Using MRI

Non-Destructive Imaging of Water Permeation through Cementitious Materials Using MRI

In this study, water permeation through building material materials was discovered exploitation resonance imaging (MRI). The influence of cement sort on the resonance signal was studied after deciding the parameters needed for imaging. Consequently, adequate imaging of water pervasive through hardened cement paste (HCP) created with white hydraulic cement was achieved, whereas water permeation through standard Portland cement-based HCP yielded poor signal. HCPs maintained at varied levels of ratio (RH) were discovered, and also the signal was detected solely from those maintained at associate RH of upper than eighty fifth. The water permeation depths in HCP were discovered by exploitation tomography, and also the measured depths were compared to those measured via a spraying water detector on the split surface of the specimens. As a result, smart agreement was confirmed between the 2 ways. in addition, tomography was applied to concrete specimens; though it absolutely was found that water wasn't detected once a light-weight mixture was used, water permeation through concrete with rock mixture was detectable via tomography. tomography can facilitate in understanding however water permeation causes and accelerates concrete deterioration like re bar corrosion and phase change and thawing..

About The Author:

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*

Member of American Concrete Institute

Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology

Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

Practical Aspects of the Design and Construction of a Small Cable Roof Structure

Practical Aspects of the Design and Construction of a Small Cable Roof Structure

DOI: 10.4236/ojce.2017.73031    

Author(s)    Vinicius Fernando Arcaro, Luiz Carlos de Almeida

Affiliation(s)

University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Cable roof structures have only become widespread in large span structures in the latter part of the twentieth century. However, they still represent a relatively new form of roof construction, especially as in the present case of a small span innovative structural solution. The contribution of this text to the structural engineering community lies in the increased interest in building simple cable roof structures. Since its completion in September 1996, this small cable roof structure has been recognized as an interesting architectural and structural example. The text describes aspects of the design and construction of a small cable roof that was designed as a roof for an open-air theater stage for the city of Sao Jose do Rio Pardo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A cable network, in the shape of a hyperbolic paraboloid surface, is anchored in a reinforced concrete edge ring. The projection of the ring’s axis onto the ground plane is an ellipse. Workers with specialized training were employed in the various stages of the construction, which was completed in September 1996.

KEYWORDS

Cable Roofs, Hypar Roofs, Tension Structures

Effect of Eccentric Shear Stiffness of Walls on Structural Response of RC Frame Buildings

Effect of Eccentric Shear Stiffness of Walls on Structural Response of RC Frame Buildings

DOI: 10.4236/ojce.2017.74035    

Author(s)    

Muhammad Umair Saleem

Affiliation(s)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT

Current research study consists of determining the optimum location of the shear wall to get the maximum structural efficiency of a reinforced concrete frame building. It consists of a detailed analysis and design review of a seven-story reinforced concrete building to understand the effect of shear wall location on the response of reinforced concrete structures when subjected to different earthquake forces. Three trail locations of shear walls are selected and their performance is monitored in terms of structural response under different lateral loads. Required objectives are achieved by obtaining design and construction drawings of an existing reinforced concrete structure and modeling it on Finite Element Method (FEM) based computer software. The structure is redesigned and discussed with four different configurations (one without shear wall and three with shear walls). Main framing components (Beams, Columns and Shear walls) of the superstructure are designed using SAP 2000 V. 19.0 whereas substructure (foundation) of RC building was designed using SAFE. American Concrete Institute (ACI) design specifications were used to calculate the cracked section stiffness or non-linear geometrical properties of the cracked section. Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) procedures were adopted to calculate the lateral earthquake loading on the structures. Structural response of the building was monitored at each story level for each earthquake force zone described by the UBC-97. The earthquake lateral forces were considered in both X and Y direction of the building. Each configuration of shear wall is carefully analyzed and effect of its location is calibrated by the displacement response of the structure. Eccentricity to the lateral stiffness of the building is imparted by changing the location of shear walls. Results of the study have shown that the location of shear wall significantly affects the lateral response of the structure under earthquake forces. It also motivates to carefully decide the center of lateral stiffness of building prior to deciding the location of shear walls.

KEYWORDS

Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Computer aided Modelling, Shear Walls, Stiff-ness, Deformations

A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY SEASHELL

A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY SEASHELL

Partially replacement of coarse aggregate in sea shell used material for   creating  new product.

In this project we are going to replace of coarse aggregate of 40% to sea shell 60% is to be fixed.

When the coarse aggregate is replaced with 10% 20% 30%  by seashell.

When the design mix used to execute the  project is m20 grade of concrete.

The m20 grade concrete refer code book for indian standard code for conventional and seashell concrete.

Water cement ratio is maintained for this mix design is 0.5.

About The Author:

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*

Member of American Concrete Institute

Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology

Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. A                     =           Area (mm²)
2. A_c                       =           Area of concrete (mm²)
3. A_g                       =           Area of section (mm²)
4. D                  =           Overall depth(mm)
5. d                    =           Effective depth (mm)
6. Fy                  =           Characteristic strength of steel (N/mm²)
7. Fck                =           characteristic cpmpressive strength (N/mm²)
8. UL                 =           Factored Load (KN)
9. LL                 =           Live load           (KN)
10. T                   =            Shear stress in concrete (N/mm²)
11. t_v                  =            Nominal shear ( N/mm²)
12. M.F                =            Modification factor
13. B.V                 =            Basic value
14. Vu                  =            Design shear stress force (N/mm²)
15. W                   =            Total load (Kn)
16. Wu           =            Factored load (KN)
17. Ø A_st         =       Area of steel Required
18. Ø A_sc        =       Area of one bar
19. Ø W         =       Total load on the slab (or) Beam
20. Ø w           =       Uniformly distribution load/meter length
21. Ø l_eff          =       Effective length
22. Ø d            =       Effective Depth
23. Ø M_max      =       Maximum shear force
24. Ø τ_v           =       Nominal shear force
25. Ø τ_c            =       Safe shear force
26. Ø S_v           =       Stirrups spacing along the length of the bar
27. Ø M.R      =       Moment of Resistance
28. Ø F_y           =       Characteristic strength of steel
29. Ø D.L       =       Dead Load
30. Ø I.L         =       Imposed Load
31. Ø L_x            =       Effective length along shorter span
32. Ø L_y            =       Effective length along long span
33. Ø Ф           =       Diameter of bar
34. Ø M.F       =       Modification of Factor
35. Ø B.V       =       Basic Value
36. Ø P           =       Axial load
37. Ø SBC      =       Soil Bearing Capacity
38. Ø BM       =       Bending Moment
39. Ø Ms        =       Modular ratio
40. Ø K           =       Constant
41. Ø L           =       Clear span
42. Ø A           =       Area of footing or column
43. Ø b            =       Breadth
44. Ø F_ck         =       Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
45. Ø F_y                    =       Characteristic strength of steel
46. Ø W_u        =       Design load
47. Ø A_sc        =       Area of compression steel
48. Ø A_g         =       Area of cross section
49. Ø P_u                          =       Axial load on the member
50. Ø λ           =       Slenderness ratio of the column
51. Ø l_d           =       Development length

About The Author:

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*

Member of American Concrete Institute

Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology

Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301

TO STRENGTHING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY PARTIALY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE USING BY DEMOLISED WASTE WITH FIBERS

TO STRENGTHING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF    CONCRETE BY PARTIALY REPLACEMENT OF  FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE USING                                 BY DEMOLISED WASTE WITH FIBERS

Growing demand of infrastructure to meet the need of increased population to city centers result in construction of new building and roads this result in increased consumption of natural aggregate also produce huge quantum of demolished concrete. This waste is generally dumped in landfills which are at far distances in urban area. Transportation of this waste thus creates the economical and environment problems to overcome these problems idea of recycled aggregate has started and is active area of research. Recycled of this debris can make a contribution to reduce to total environment impact of a building sector. me demolished waste components include Portland cement concrete.

          In this study to evaluate the performance and strength characteristic of replacement concrete by demolition waste partial replacement of demolish waste tiles and crushing rock powder instead of course aggregate respective for our project 10% ,15% , 20% Replacement of demolished waste concrete cube  molded  & performances are checked compare with concrete demolish waste concrete obtained 24.4KN/m2  for 2o% replacement of coarse and fine aggregate replacement by Tiles and Crusher rock powder.

About The Author:-

Sp.Aswinpalaniappan M.E.,*
Member of American Concrete Institute
Sri Raaja Raajan College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630301