Thursday, 25 May 2017

Building regulations for hill towns of India


Abstract

Pressure for development on preferred locations in the Himalayan regions has increased during the last few decades due to urbanisation, population increase, and high influx of tourists. These preferred locations are converted into hill towns, making them preferred tourist destinations and the main economic activity generators of the hill regions of India. As a consequence of these factors, during the last three decades development activities have tremendously increased in these seismically vulnerable and environmentally sensitive hill towns. This unprecedented development has resulted in deterioration of living conditions, and environmental and visual quality in hill towns. Building regulations are enforced in hill towns to control/regulate the ever-increasing demand for development in hill towns but, as evident from the existing conditions, hill towns are experiencing numerous problems and concerns due to inappropriate and non contextual urban development buildings, thus highlighting inappropriateness of existing building regulations in the context of hill towns.
This paper discusses existing development scenario and issues to accommodate future development in hill towns located in Indian Himalayan region, also highlights the state of existing building regulations through an in-depth study of building regulations in major hill towns, and briefly discuses possible approaches to change existing building regulations for achieving contextually appropriate development.

Keywords

  • Building regulations;
  • Hill towns;
  • Urban development;
  • Residential buildings

Overview of development in Himalayan hill towns

Any area having an altitude of more than 600 m from the mean sea level or an average slope of 30° may be classified as hilly in India [1], which includes the Himalayas, the Central Highlands, the Deccan Plateau and the north eastern hill ranges. Depending upon the altitude and prevailing climatic conditions, hill regions have been classified into three categories as Foot-hill regions (below 1200 m), Mid-Hill regions (1200–3500 m) and High-hill regions (above 3500) [2]. These different hill regions have varied geo-environmental conditions and resources available for development. Hill regions are the most difficult, yet most interesting and challenging terrains, to carry out any development work as development in Hilly regions is constrained by difficult terrains, steep gradients, complex geological structure, climatic conditions and rich flora.
Most of the hill towns/stations like Shimla, Nainital, Dalhousie, Mussoorie etc. are situated in the mid hill regions. These hill towns have been experiencing great pressure for development (due to high population growth, large tourist influx and better living conditions) from the last three decades, which has changed the environment and visual appearance of hill towns. Hill towns have grown many times more than their design and carrying capacity and are under a lot of pressure for providing residential, educational, health, work and recreational facilities, which is further pronounced due to scarcity of buildable land, as well as high land prices. For example, Shimla is designed for a highest population of 25,000 on a pedestrian scale, but the present population of the Shimla town is around 169,758. As a consequence of this, the lush green slopes of hill towns are converted into barren concrete jungles coupled with problems like congestion, overcrowding, pollution, traffic jams, inaccessibility, landslides, forest reduction and slope failure, which resulted in environmental degradation and ecological disturbance [3] (Fig. 1).
Development in Shimla, the largest ridge hill town of north India.
Fig. 1. 
Development in Shimla, the largest ridge hill town of north India.

Issues of development in Himalayan hill towns

The various issues/ problems faced by hill towns due to high urbanisation and rapid development are as follows:
1.
Heavy pressure on the housing and existing infrastructural facilities is exerted due to high population increase due to migration from the surrounding regions as well as a high influx of tourists which leads to construction of more multi-storeyed buildings in hill towns for residential, office, and commercial purposes (Fig. 2).
Multi-storeyed buildings in hill stations in contrast to traditional ...
Fig. 2. 
Multi-storeyed buildings in hill stations in contrast to traditional development.
2.
Hills stations are mostly located in ecologically sensitive zones. The ecological balance of towns is affected due to high density development having multi storeyed buildings and lower carrying capacities of hill towns. Also, degradation of natural topography, vegetation and disturbance of natural drainage pattern due to massive construction has resulted in environmental degradation in the hill towns [4] (Fig. 3).
Conversion of green slopes into multi-storeyed densely constructed buildings.
Fig. 3. 
Conversion of green slopes into multi-storeyed densely constructed buildings.
3.
Hill stations are presently facing problems of congestion, water scarcity, landslides, pollution of lakes and streams, and destruction of scenic beauty and visual blight, which are the outcomes of rapid urbanisation in and around hill towns [5].
4.
In the present context, most of the hill settlements are facing issues/problems related to high development on steep and shaded slopes, insufficient traffic movement, inadequate source of water supply, and disturbances in natural drainage, which are crucial for development in hill towns [6].
5.
Hill towns are susceptible to different types of natural hazards like landslides, earthquakes, floods, cloudburst, fire etc (Fig. 4). Most of the buildings are constructed or being constructed without adhering to safety provisions against natural hazards and are susceptible to heavy damage during the event of any natural calamity [7].
Instances of landslides in hill stations.
Fig. 4. 
Instances of landslides in hill stations.
6.
Hill towns have become concrete jungles characterised by depleting forest/greenery, un-checked construction, barren hills covered with buildings, narrow and accident prone roads, and encroachments on roads and public areas [8] (Fig. 5).
Existing development without respecting natural characteristics of hill towns.
Fig. 5. 
Existing development without respecting natural characteristics of hill towns.
7.
Construction/development activity on high and unstable slopes, more than 35° and up to 60°, having a high percentage of ground coverage with no tree/greenery amidst congested localities is taking place thereby limiting natural light, air and ventilation, which is likely to lead to environmental chaos and affect human health and well being [9] (Fig. 6).
Massive development of steep and vulnerable slopes in hill towns.
Fig. 6. 
Massive development of steep and vulnerable slopes in hill towns.
8.
Very high price of available buildable land is due to limited availability or scarcity of buildable land in hill towns due to topographical features. Due to the high land price, most of the residents are not able to purchase good buildable land in hill towns. As a consequence, fertile agricultural land in the suburbs or outskirts of hill towns is used for developmental purposes due to its lower price, which is further facilitated by weak land policies, improper development plan proposals and techno-legal regime, and the weak economic background of farmers (Fig. 7).
New multi-storeyed development in the outskirts of hill towns.
Fig. 7. 
New multi-storeyed development in the outskirts of hill towns.
9.
There is deterioration in the quality of the living environment in hill towns due to unsuitable and unsafe building stock for habitation (Fig. 8), insufficient infrastructure, narrow roads, and inadequate open spaces and inadequate green areas, which are the outcomes of wrong planning and building regulations and inappropriate planning and design solutions.
Unsuitable and unsafe buildings affecting the quality of the living environment.
Fig. 8. 
Unsuitable and unsafe buildings affecting the quality of the living environment.
10.
Inadequate safety provisions for safety against fire in the majority of buildings in hill towns. Also many zones /areas in hill towns have inadequate/no access for fire vehicles, which may result in heavy loss to human life and wealth during the occurrences of fire. Moreover, many buildings in town core area are built with wood and are prone to fire.
11.
Inadequate natural light in existing buildings which results in increased use of artificial lighting for general lighting purposes even during the day time [7] and lack of natural light and ventilation in buildings will lead to dampness and unhealthy living environment in buildings.
12.
Construction of houses, offices and commercial premises without any regard for aesthetics or land use has resulted in conflicting land use/constructions and a scenario is created where construction dominates the natural environment of hill towns.
Many of the issues of existing development in hill towns are due to the absence of appropriate building regulation, enforcement of inappropriate building regulations or non compliance of existing building regulations.

Building regulations in hill towns

Building regulations are a set of rules enforced in human settlements aimed to protect public health, safety, general welfare, and environment. These are the means by which government/development authority can control use of available land resources, buildings, infrastructure facilities to ensure proper spatial organisation and environmental protection in the city. These also provide important framework and statutory regulations on the planning, design and construction of buildings and associated works, making provisions for rendering the safety of dangerous buildings and lands, and making provisions for matters connected to enforcement and approval authority [10].
Building regulations which are enforced in different cities or towns in India are mostly inspired from National Building Code, Delhi Master Plan/s and other Indian Standard (IS) Codes [11]. Different State Town and country planning or urban development departments formulate building regulations under state legislation and mostly enforce these regulations without any modification in various cities or towns irrespective of the geo-environmental context of the city or town. The impacts of these inappropriate building regulations are clearly reflected in the provision of urban infrastructure as far as its spatial allocation and distribution and overall urban form i.e. the built-forms or streetscape for all the categories of land uses [12].
Unlike most of the ecological sensitive zones/areas of world, Indian hill towns are peculiar examples of massive urban development in environmentally or ecologically sensitive areas, which are growing exponentially over and above their carrying capacities and are hampering/affecting the ecology at large. No specific building regulation pertaining to the ecological context of hill towns are in force to conserve or control the development of Indian hill towns. Whereas, most of the countries have separate regulations for hillside development in ecologically sensitive areas, which focus on contextually appropriate development without harming the environment and ecology of the region.

Study of existing building regulations enforced in hill towns

To understand various problems/issues related to existing building regulations in hill towns, study is done related to different regulations of residential buildings in major hill towns like Shimla, Manali, Dalhousie, Mussoorie, Nainital, Shillong, Srinagar and Gangtok located in the Indian Himalayan region to identify various similarities and variations, and attempts are being made to understand reasons for similarities and variations. Building regulations considered for study are taken from the latest development plans and building bye-laws available on websites of local governing authorities. Different documents used in the study are as follows [3]; [13]; [14]; [15]; [16]; [17] ;  [18]:
1.
Draft Development plan for the Shimla planning area, 2021.
2.
Draft Development plan for the Manali Planning area, 2021.
3.
Draft Development plan for the Dalhousie Planning area, 2021.
4.
Nainital Lake Region Special Area Development Authority Building Regulations.
5.
The Sikkim Building Construction (Amendment) Regulations, 2000.
6.
Meghalaya Building-Bye Laws, 2011.
7.
Building Regulations and Bye-Laws (Kashmir Division), 2010.
8.
Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority Building Construction and Development bye-laws (Amendment), 2003.
The general information related to demography, town area, altitude and year of enforcement of current building regulations is shown in Table 1. It shows that, all these building regulations are revised in recent years, to cater the changing needs which are the consequence of the high rate of urbanisation in these hill towns.
Table 1. Hill towns in the Indian Himalayan region considered for the study.
No.Town/CityPopulation (mc area)Altitude (m)Year of enforcement of present regulations
1Shimla169,758 (2011)22052011
2Dalhousie7419 (2001)19542004
3Manali17390 (2001)18262005
4Nainital38,560 (2001)20842003
5Mussoorie26,069 (2001)18762003
6Srinagar894,940 (2001)15852010
7Shillong143,007 (2011)15252011
8Gangtok98,658 (2011)18292000

Building regulations for residential buildings in hill towns

This study is conducted related to prevailing building bye-laws/regulations for residential buildings such as, plot size, setbacks, number of storeys, Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R) and building height. These are the most commonly specified regulations in prevailing building regulations/byelaws in different hill towns of India (Table 2).
Table 2. Existing building regulations in hill towns.
TownPlot area (In sq. m)Coverage (%)Setbacks (in metres)
No. of StoreysF.A.RBuilding height (in metres)



FrontSideRear


ShimlaAbove 200
2.50-2.004 + 11.7518.00
DalhousieUp to 150703.0-22
11.80
ManaliUp to 120653.0-2.04 + 1218.80
SrinagarUp to 100403.0-1.8
1.516.50
MussoorieUp to 100702.0--31.3011.00
MussoorieUp to 200652.0-1.531.5011.00
ShimlaAbove 200
3.003.002.004 + 11.7518.00
Dalhousie150–250603.0322
11.80
Manali121–250603.02.02.04 + 1218.80
ShillongUp to 200503.01.01.042.019.00
Srinagar100–150404.52.42.44⁎⁎1.516.50
MussoorieUp to 300603.01.53.031.5011
ShimlaAbove 200
3.002.02.04 + 11.7518.00
Dalhousie251–500553.0222
11.80
Manali121–250603.02.02.04 + 11.7518.80
Manali251–500553.02.02.04 + 11.518.80
Shillong201–300503.01.21.842.019.00
Shillong300–400503.01.82.542.019.00
Shillong400–500503.01.83.042.019.00
Srinagar150–500404.53.03.04⁎⁎1.516.50
Srinagar200–500406.03.03.04⁎⁎1.516.50
MussoorieUp to 400554.52.03.031.6011
DalhousieAbove 500503.0222
11.80
ManaliAbove 501503.03.03.04 + 11.2518.80
ShillongAbove 500503.01.83.042.019.00
SrinagarAbove 500406.03.04.54⁎⁎1.516.50
MussoorieAbove 400507.53.05.031.7011
Not specified in current byelaws but present in previous byelaws.
⁎⁎
Not specified in regulations, calculated from ground coverage and F.A.R.
Every hill town has a different plot area/size limits for different typologies of buildings, but it leads to the same kind of development due to almost similar ground coverage and setback conditions (except Srinagar, where ground coverage permissible for all types is 40%). Only very few towns (namely Shillong, Nainital, Mussoorie) considered the road width as a deciding factor for limiting building height and front setback regulations.
F.A.R is the regulation which controls the extent/amount of development permissible on a plot. F.A.R regulation varies from 2.0 to 1.25 in different hill towns. In most hill towns, F.A.R changes according to plot area; plots having smaller areas have more F.A.R than plots with large areas, which results in a large built-up area for buildings on smaller plots and relatively lesser built-up area for buildings on larger plots. For example, in the case of Manali, for plot sizes in between 121 and 250 m2 F.A.R is 2.0, whereas, in same town for plots of above 501 m2 area, F.A.R regulation is 1.25.
Ground coverage is the regulation which specifies/controls the building foot print on a plot and is expressed as the percentage of total plot area. The value of ground coverage varies from 70% to 40% in existing in force building regulations. Different hill towns have different ground coverage regulations for similar sizes of plots. But, in most hill towns, small area plots have higher permissible ground coverage than large area plots, which results in bigger building foot prints and higher built-to-open space ratio. Buildings with higher footprints require more cutting of slopes and trees, which in turn disturbs the natural drainage pattern. Higher ground coverage of the site results in less percolation of rainwater into the ground and more runoff, due to reduction of soft/open areas. Due to higher ground coverage and greater depth of buildings, there is inadequate sunlight and ventilation in buildings, which results in higher energy consumption for maintaining comfort conditions.
Height of building regulation varies from 19.00 to 11.0 m in different hill towns. In many hill towns like Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar, Manali etc. which have higher permissible heights for buildings, it results in buildings with more heights on small plot sizes, which in turn results in a development pattern characterised by large volume buildings on smaller plots without adequate open spaces and appears to be continuous. Similarly, permissible number of storeys also varies in different hill towns from 5 (including a parking floor) to 2. Same height and number of storey regulations are in force throughout the town irrespective of slope gradient and direction and location and size of the plot, which leads to similar population densities in all localities without considerations of infrastructure facilities and characteristics of the area. Height of buildings is prescribed by consideration of access road width also, which results in a very limited solar exposure to lower storey(s) and open spaces in between.
Setback regulations define the area around buildings which needs to be kept open to ensure proper daylight and ventilation in buildings, and this open area around buildings can be used for landscaping purposes. Setback regulations vary in different hill towns, and small area plots have lesser setback requirements than large area plots. But the setback areas provided in the current context are insufficient for buildings to have adequate solar exposure, and consequently, a large number of buildings are shaded by the surrounding buildings. Moreover, these setbacks are uniformly applicable to all slope aspects, not taking into account the need for having different setbacks for ensuring adequate solar access on different slope aspects. The space between buildings consequent upon these setback regulations is less for its proper utilisation for landscaping or plantations. As a consequence of this, not only damp, unhealthy and uncomfortable living conditions are present in a large number of buildings in hill towns, but also once lush green hill slopes are modified into barren hill slopes mostly covered with concrete buildings.
Different building regulations in force in hill towns are decided in accordance to plot sizes. But while deciding the minimum plot size for different regulations, front-to-depth ratio is not considered. Existing plots in hill towns generally follow the natural topographical profile which is irregular in shape, and it is difficult to construct on such irregular plots having inadequate depth/width. Development of buildings on such irregular plots affects the overall development pattern of the town.

Other regulations enforced on development in hill towns

Hill regions have fragile ecology, and man has a major role to play in maintaining the environmental quality and ecological balance. Maintaining environmental quality, natural features, accessibility and aesthetics are the major challenges for present development in hill towns. Regulations related to environmental quality, accessibility and aesthetics in different hill towns are compared in Table 3.
Table 3. Comparison between environmental, accessibility and aesthetic regulations.
ParticularsShimlaDalhousieManaliMussoorieNainitalSrinagarShillong
Solar passive regulationsOOOOOO
Rain water harvestingO
Cutting of slopes
Tree preservationOO
Water resourcesOOOO
Drainage of site regulations
Maintenance of upstream drainage pattern
Disable friendly regulationsOO
Aesthetic regulationsOOO
View preservationOO
∗ – Regulations specified.
O – Regulations not specified.
Presently, energy being the most critical issue of development, there are a lot of concerns at international, national and regional levels related to its conservation and optimal use. Shimla building regulations have incorporated regulations related to solar passive design and energy conservation, to minimise energy consumption in maintaining comfort conditions in public, government and semi government buildings. No other hill town has such regulations related to solar passive design in buildings.
Regulations related to rain water harvesting exist in most of the hill towns, but it is not in force effectively as rain water harvesting systems (RWHS) are not implemented in a majority of buildings constructed [19].
Regulations related to preservation of existing trees, and plantation of new trees, are presented in building regulations of hill towns. In spite of this, all slopes of hill towns appear barren without any plantations, covered only with concrete buildings, highlighting the need to change the implementation process. The maximum height of cutting of hill slopes varies from 3.5 to 6.6 m in hill towns. But in practice, slopes are cut much more than the permissible value. Some towns have regulations related to preservation of natural water sources. Every town has regulations related to the maintenance of upstream drainage pattern, and site drainage shows the importance of maintaining a drainage pattern.
Accessibility to buildings by elderly and disabled persons is a serious concern in hill towns due to sloping topography. Towns like Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Srinagar and Shillong have regulations related to accessibility and usage of buildings by disabled people, and provisions for the design of every public and semi-public building as disabled friendly.
Aesthetics and View Preservation regulations are presented in hill towns for the enforcement of regulations related to prohibition of construction of more than one storey (in some cases, up to 1.5 m from road height) on the downhill side of major roads without considering the extent and quality of view available, as this may result in under utilisation of F.A.R., and majority of buildings will be constructed in basements/semi-basements, and having light and ventilation from one side only results in buildings having dampness and insufficient daylight. To construct more basements/semi-basements to utilise full F.A.R, the regulations related to cutting of slope will have to be violated.

Processes of getting development approval from local governing authorities

In most of the hill towns, architects, planners and civil engineers are authorised to design and develop proposal/drawings to get approval from the local authorities. But, civil engineers (though more in number) are not qualified/ educated enough to design building spaces/areas. There are very high probabilities that a design developed by them will not be efficient, and lack in providing necessary services, desired quality of space and aesthetic values. This condition is worse in some hill towns where draughtsman is also permitted to design and develop development proposals for getting permission from authorities. There are no provisions related to the experience of the civil engineer, planner or draftsman to undertake building design works/jobs, whereas to design the structural system of building, minimum experience or qualification of the civil engineer is specified in the building bye-laws.
While getting approval from the authority, there are no provisions to check or evaluate the proposed design of the building and the impact the building is going to make on the overall street and town environment; design of the building remains neglected for development permission and permission is given only on the basis of fulfilling the regulations (setbacks, No. of storeys, building height etc.).
Structural design of buildings along with the structural safety certificate is essential for getting permission from authorities, but there are no provisions for review of adequacy of structural design in general loading as well as seismic loading conditions.
Procedures as well as requisites for getting approval from the authorities are different in various hill towns. However, in most of the towns, regulations are not properly enforced and development activities are not checked by local authorities due to acute shortage of technical staff and resources. Local authorities are unable to take major legal actions against such illegal construction activities which gave rise to more illegal encroachments.

Issues related to existing building regulations in hill towns

From the above study, it is clear that the existing development pattern and building regulations enforced in hill towns are not appropriate in the context of hill towns. The different issues related to existing in force building regulations in hill towns of India can be classified into the following categories:
1.
Existing building regulations enforced in Indian hill towns are mostly inspired from the National Building code and Delhi Master Plan(s), and are inappropriate in the context of hill towns, as the geo-environmental and socio-developmental context of Delhi varied to a greater extent from that of hill towns. There are many crucial issues like ecological sensitivity, proneness to hazards, and visibility, which are more critical for development in hill towns and very few building regulations are in force to address these issues.
2.
These existing in force building regulations are uniformly applicable at the town level i.e. same regulations are applicable for land use without any respect to topographical location, slope angle and direction, hazard potential of the site, development pattern and potential. Existing regulations are rigid in nature as the prescribed values of regulations are fixed numbers.
3.
There is a lack of clarity in building regulations, and in some towns all essential regulations are not specified, which result in violation of building regulations by the owner/developer and resultant development will be haphazard and not suitable in context of ecologically sensitive and picturesque natural hill settings.
4.
In many hill towns various regulations related to many critical concerns which are important to ensure appropriate development in environmentally sensitive hill towns are not present in existing building regulations.
5.
The enforcement mechanism for implementing and ensuring effective following of existing regulations is not adequate and there are very less/no provisions which stop illegal and unplanned development in hill towns.
6.
There is a shortage of technical experts in hill towns who can implement existing legislated building regulations in hill towns and ensure that construction activity will be carried in accordance to regulation at different stages. Moreover, the required administrative set up for the efficient implementation and approval process in not present in hill towns.
The existing building regulations of hill towns are not conducive for systematic and contextually appropriate development in hill towns. Therefore, the existing regulations are required to be changed for having proper development in hill towns. There are various possible approaches available and any one of these can be adopted for the amendment of existing building regulations as briefly discussed in the section below.

Approaches for change in existing building regulations of hill towns

Hill towns have prescriptive type of building regulations in which development activity is controlled through rigid regulations like F.A.R, ground coverage, plot size, setback, and number of floors and height of building. It has been established that building regulations in hill towns are contextually inappropriate, and development activity in harmony with these regulations will be unsustainable. To make development contextually appropriate and sustainable, changes in building regulations as well as enforcement procedures are required. This can be done by any of three approaches discussed below.
Approach I: Amend existing building regulations and/or enforcement mechanisms to make them more appropriate. This approach can be used on a short-term basis to get an immediate remedial to present problems by amending parts of regulations, adding new regulations in accordance with the need and taking strengthening measures to improve existing enforcement of regulations.
Approach II: Change of the type of regulations from prescriptive to form based/ performance based/site specific, and formulation of a new enforcement mechanism. This is a long term approach with a focus on changing prescriptive regulations to either form based regulations or performance based regulations or site specific regulations. The adoption of a new approach will result in better performance of buildings, making them more specific to the context of region, zone and street, and have better aesthetic value than the existing one. It requires a lot of resources and technical experts to make implementation plans and monitor all possible implications and impacts of the new changing regulations. Different technical expertise is required by the practicing professionals as well as authorities to execute the development in accordance to new regulatory domain. But with the present type of expertise and qualification of working professionals and authority officials, it is a tedious task to change the regulatory system to make it more performance-oriented.
Approach III: Combining two or more approaches for area specific building regulations which should be specific to the context of hill towns. In this approach, more than one type of regulation is considered for the formulation of specific regulations in the context of hill towns. The areas to be developed become the basis for the formulation of these area-specific building regulations. Due to the varied context of hill towns, there is a need to study and understand the geo-environmental (geo-technical, ecological concerns and climatic factors), developmental (uses, locational context, existing development pattern and character, available infrastructure, cost, performance and appearance) and technological contexts to formulate building regulations pertaining to the specific context of hill towns. Local conditions and physical context must provide the threshold for the formulation of new regulations which should be place-based and emphasise details.
An in-depth investigation of existing condition/scenario, available resources and future extent and type of development in hill towns needs to be done for adopting the most appropriate approach at any level from the abovementioned approaches for the amendment of existing inappropriate building regulations in force in hill towns.

Conclusions

Indian hill towns, especially in the Himalayan region, are peculiar examples of massive urban development in environmentally sensitive areas, which are growing exponentially over and above their carrying capacities and hampering/affecting the environment and ecology at large. These hill towns have numerous problems related to planning and design of buildings, inadequate infrastructure (roads, water supply, sewage, garbage collection and disposal), improper housing/building stock having insufficient strength, unprecedented cutting of vegetation and slopes, pollution, chaos, congestion and degraded living and harm to the natural environment which affects the ecological balance in and around hill towns.
Most of these issues/problems of existing development in Indian hill towns are due to inappropriate planning proposals and building regulations enforced in different hill towns. A study of existing building regulations of major hill towns is conducted to understand various problems/issues related to building regulations of hill towns, to identify similarities and variations, and attempts are being made to understand reasons for similarities and variations. It is found from the study there are large variations in different regulations which are enforced in different hill towns. In some hill towns important regulations which are crucial for achieving systematic development in environmentally sensitive hill towns are not present and in towns where these regulations are present are not followed and monitored efficiently.
As found from the detailed study, existing building regulations enforced in Indian hill towns are mostly inspired from Delhi Master Plan(s), which are not appropriate to the context of hill towns, as the geo-environmental and socio-developmental context of Delhi is varied to a greater extent from that of hill towns. Contextual inappropriateness, uniformity, rigidity, incompleteness, lack of clarity, and cumbersome enforcement mechanisms are major characteristics of existing building regulations in hill towns.
A suitable approach/method to modify existing building regulations for hill towns need to be identified on the basis of an analytical study of different approaches which can be adopted to modify existing building regulations to make them contextually appropriate. Moreover, a holistic approach, which includes formulation of building regulations based on the geo-environmental, development and technological context, is required to change existing in force building regulations and make them appropriate to the peculiar context of Indian hill towns.

Conflict of interest

None.

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